가리봉동영어 from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) on degrees conferred to U.S. citizens by race/ethnicity in 1980 and 2016. We compare the distribution of the total civilian population and the 18- to 24-year-old population in the same years. Indicator 5d(i) examines associate’s and bachelor’s degrees conferred, and Indicator 5d(ii) examines master’s and doctoral degrees conferred. Race and ethnicity are dynamic classifications, and changes in racial/ethnic classification over time should be considered when interpreting these data, especially for relatively small population categories such as American Indian/Alaska Natives and Asian and Pacific Islanders. The statistics are also impacted by the introduction of the “Two or More Races” category, a category that was not present in the 1980 classifications. Race/ethnicity classifications are self-reported using varying categories in the data collection instruments, and some change in distribution of degrees by race/ethnicity over time may be attributable to differences in population self-identifications as well as changes in the categories used in data collection instruments. As Indicators 5d(i) and 5d(ii) indicate, the U.S. population distribution has undergone considerable demographic change since 1980. Younger individuals represent a higher share of the Black and Hispanic populations than of the White population. In 1980 Whites were 80 percent of the total population (and 77 percent of 18 to 24 year olds). Blacks were 12 percent of the total (and 13 percent of 18 to 24 year olds). Hispanics were 6 percent of the total (and 8 percent of 18 to 24 year olds). Asian/Pacific Islanders were 2 percent of the total (and 2 percent of 18 to 24 year olds) and American Indian/Alaska Native were about .6 percent of the total (and .6 percent of 18 to 24 year olds). By 2016, Whites were 61 percent of the total population and 54 percent of those ages 18 to 24. Blacks were 12 percent of the total population, but 15 percent of those ages 18 to 24. Hispanics had increased to 18 percent of the total population and 22 percent of those ages 18 to 24. The Asian category increased from 2 percent to 6 percent of both the civilian population and the population age 18 to 24. American Indian/Alaska Natives did not register measured change over the period of 1980 to 2016.89 Bearing in mind cautions associated with changes in classifications, Indicator 5d suggests some progress as well as the need for more progress in aligning the racial/ethnic representation of degree recipients to that of the total population and the population age 18 to 24.90 Among Blacks, the largest increases in parity have been among associate’s degrees and master’s degrees awarded. In 1980, Blacks were about 12 percent of the total U.S. civilian population and 13 percent of the 18 to 24 year-old population, yet attained only 9 percent of associate’s degrees, 7 percent of bachelor’s degrees, 6 percent of master’s degrees, and 4 percent of doctoral degrees. Thus, Blacks were 69 percent as likely to have parity with the population age 18 to 24 among associate’s degree recipients, just over half (53 percent) as likely to be represented among bachelor’s degree recipients, just under half (46 percent) as likely to have obtained a master’s degree, and just under a third (31 percent) as likely to have obtained a doctoral degree relative to their representation in the U.S. population age 18 to 24. By 2016, Blacks had come closer than in 1980 to parity in the percentage of degrees earned, but continued to be underrepresented relative to their representation in the total civilian population and the 18 to 24 year-old population. In 2016 Blacks were 15 percent of the population age 18 to 24, but earned 14 percent of associate’s 89 In 2016, but not 1980, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders were classified separately from the Asian population by the Census Bureau and were 0.2 percent of the U.S. population. 90 Caution is needed in these comparisons, due to changes in the race and ethnicity classifications over time, such as the separation
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