궁동수학 of the SES-derived variable from the NCES high school longitudinal studies (the other components are parents’ education and occupation). In the high school longitudinal studies there is a high degree of overlap between the distributions for SES and income within the samples. Parental education has generally been found to be more highly associated with educational attainment than parental income. See Cahalan, M., & Maxwell, J. (2007). Exploring demographic and selected state policy correlates of state level educational attainment and achievement indicators. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. https://www.slideshare.net/chearsdotorg/exploringdemographic-and-selected-state-policy-correlates-of-state-level-educational-attainment-and-achievement-indicators-aera2007-cahalan. Equity Indicator 5: How Do Educational Attainment Rates and Early Outcomes Vary by Family Characteristics? 101 7% 15% 27% 52% 8% 19% 32% 62% 15% 22% 37% 60% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% First (Lowest) SES Quartile Second SES Quartile Third SES Quartile Fourth (Highest) SES Quartile ELS: 2002/2004/2012 NELS: 1988/1992/2000 HS&B: 1980/1982/1992 Equity Indicator 5b: Percentage of youth attaining a bachelor’s degree or higher within 8 or 10 years of expected high school graduation by parents’ socioeconomic status (SES) quartile: 10th grade cohort from HS&B 1980; 8th grade cohort from NELS 1988; 10th grade cohort from ELS 2002 Indicator Status: High Inequality and Persisting Gap For the ELS:2002 cohort, 10th graders from the highest SES quartile were 4 times as likely to attain a bachelor’s degree within 8 years of expected high school graduation as 10th graders from the lowest SES quartile (60 percent vs. 15 percent). The magnitude of the gap in attainment between the highest and lowest SES quartiles for the 2002 10th grade cohort (45 percentage points) was the same as for the HS&B 1980 10th grade cohort (45 percentage points). NOTE: Comparisons across surveys are limited due to differences in survey methods, as described in the text. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, High School and Beyond (HS&B:1980-class of 1982-1992 follow-up), National Education Longitudinal Study, (NELS:1988-class of 1992-2000 follow-up), and Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS:2002-class of 2004-2012 follow-up). Data tabulated using NCES Data Analysis System (DAS). 102 2018 Equity Indicators Report Equity Indicator 5c(i): What Percentage of Beginning First-Time Dependent Postsecondary Students Obtain a Bachelor’s Degree by Parents’ Income Quartile? Whether first enrolling in a 4-year or 2-year-or-less postsecondary institution, most students report aspiring to obtain a bachelor’s degree.87 Indicator 5c(i) describes the percent of dependent students who first enrolled in any type of postsecondary education institution who earned a bachelor’s degree within 5 or 6 years of initial enrollment.88 Data for this Indicator come from three waves of NCES’s longitudinal Beginning Postsecondary Students (BPS) studies. These surveys track students who first enrolled in academic years 1989-90, 1995-96, and 2003-04 through the follow-up studies conducted in 1994, 2001, and 2009, respectively. The share of dependent students who earned a bachelor’s degree within 5 or 6 years of initial enrollment increases with family income quartile. Among dependent students who first enrolled in the 2003-04 academic year, the percentage obtaining a bachelor’s degree within 6 years increased from 26 percent for those in the lowest income quartile, to 36 percent for those in the second quartile, to 46 percent for those in the third quartile, to 59 percent for those in the highest quartile. The percentage of dependent students from the lowest income quartile who obtained a bachelor’s degree or higher within 5 or 6 years of initial enrollment remained unchanged at 26 percent for all three cohorts. For those in the highest income quartile, the percentage of dependent students obtaining a bachelor’s degree increased from 51
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